- 2G (Second Generation):
- Air Interface: 2G networks use technologies like GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and GPRS (General Packet Radio Service).
- Access Network: Consists of base stations (BTS) and mobile devices.
- Core Network: Two separate networks: one for circuit-switched voice (MSC) and another for packet-switched data (SGSN and GGSN).
- Key Elements: Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Mobile Switching Center (MSC), and Home Location Register (HLR).
- Data: Primarily circuit-switched for voice.
- 3G (Third Generation):
- Air Interface: Technologies like UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) and CDMA2000.
- Access Network: Enhanced base stations (Node B) and mobile devices.
- Core Network: Evolved to support both voice and data over IP (Packet Switched Core).
- Key Elements: Node B, Radio Network Controller (RNC), and Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN).
- Data: Supports packet-switched data (e.g., web browsing, email).
- 4G (Fourth Generation):
- Air Interface: LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and WiMAX.
- Access Network: eNodeBs (evolved NodeBs) and user devices.
- Core Network: Fully IP-based, with evolved packet core (EPC).
- Key Elements: eNodeB, Mobility Management Entity (MME), and Serving Gateway (SGW).
- Data: High-speed data services (streaming, video calls, etc.).
- 5G (Fifth Generation):
- Air Interface: NR (New Radio) for 5G.
- Access Network: gNodeBs (next-generation NodeBs) and user equipment.
- Core Network: 5GC (Core 5G) with Service-Based Architecture (SBA).
- Key Elements: gNodeB, Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), and Session Management Function (SMF).
- Data: Ultra-high-speed data, low latency, and massive IoT support.
2g 3g 4g 5g network architecture
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